kevinferron.comKevin Ferron

AI · An argument with sources · A forecast

The next platform team

Cloud grew a platform team, then data did. I expect AI to be next: within 18 to 24 months, every large company will have an AI platform team, and the product pods it serves can be as small as two people. This is the argument, with the sources, and where the evidence cuts the other way.

The bet

Within 18 to 24 months, every large enterprise will have an AI platform team. That is a forecast, and it is mine. The sources below are what I am leaning on, and the section near the end is what argues against me.

Cloud infrastructure and data each ended up with a team of their own. Neither started that way. First came a few engineers doing the work, then a vendor that made the layer easy to buy (AWS, then Snowflake and Databricks), and then there was too much to control, coordinate and align for it to live in the corners. The company needed one owner.

Ask a large company today where AI lives and I expect the answer to be somewhere between security, IT and no idea. I have not run that survey, so the numbers below are the nearest thing I could find. The pattern is the same one, and the infrastructure is already there to be controlled: gateways, tool servers, agent identities.

The other half of the bet: how I think products should be built. A product-minded engineer and a designer or PM, directing agents through gated loops: the KFTCDA pod. A platform team is what makes a pod that small workable, because the pod does not have to build the gateway, the permissions or the evals. It directs agents on top of them.

Three eras, one pattern

Each era has the same arc: a new layer appears, people build on it, and then a team forms to own it. The last milestone in each column is that team. For cloud and data it is something I can point at. For AI it is the dashed one, the projection.

1. Cloud

Servers become a service

2. Data

The warehouse becomes a service

3. AI

Models and agents become a service

  1. AI2028The platform teamProjection, not data

    The AI platform team

    This one is my forecast, not data. In 18 to 24 months I expect one team to own the gateway, the tool registry, agent identity, evals, cost and policy. The nearest numbers: Gartner says the average Global Fortune 500 enterprise will run more than 150,000 AI agents by 2028, and just 13 percent of organizations believe they have the right governance in place. Neither number is about this team. And Patrick Debois, who founded DevOpsDays, said at PlatformCon 2025: "AI engineers are great, but to scale it out to the organisation you need an AI Platform team."

    Source: Gartner via The Register, Debois at PlatformCon

Tap or click a milestone to read it. With a keyboard, Tab to one and press Enter; up and down arrows move between them.

Where does AI live?

Flip between the two. On the left is the company as the surveys describe it now. On the right is what I think the same company looks like with one team owning the shared parts.

Each group holds a piece. Nobody holds the whole, so nobody can answer “where does AI live?” for the company.

Security

Sees the breach, writes the rule.

Among organizations that had an AI-related incident, 92 percent lacked proper AI access controls. IBM 2026

IT

Approves and buys tools.

90 percent of executives were confident in their visibility into AI tools, while 52 percent of knowledge workers admitted using unapproved ones. Okta via The Register

Business units

Buy what they need.

Departmental AI spending hit $7.3 billion in 2025. Menlo 2025

Shadow use

Individuals get on with it.

66 percent of office professionals have used AI tools at work despite believing they were not permitted. PagerDuty 2026

Shared infrastructure to control, coordinate and align: no owner

43%
of breach incidents involved shadow AI used by employees, up from 20% a year earlier. IBM 2026
19%
of organizations reported coordination between their governance and security teams. IBM 2026
12%
of IT leaders said they had a centralized platform to manage AI sprawl. 94% worry about it. OutSystems 2026

The pieces are not hypothetical. Gateways, tool registries and agent identity all shipped in the last two years, and two companies that wrote about it, Uber and Cloudflare, built their own gateway. The open question is who in your company owns it.

The KFTCDA pod: how I build products

A team of n people has n(n−1)/2 paths between them: two people, one path; five, ten; nine, thirty-six. Drag the slider. Brooks used this to explain why adding people to a late project makes it later, and Amazon's two-pizza rule and Team Topologies's size of around 8 are the same worry written as policy.

People
2
Paths, n(n−1)/2
1

A two-person pod: one path. Both people can hold the whole product in their heads.

Brooks's arithmetic: 50 developers have 1,225 paths. Mythical Man-Month

This is my recommendation, and the way KFTCDA builds products: a product-minded engineer and a designer or PM, each directing agents through gated loops. Two people and one path between them. Agents do not add paths between people the way a new hire does; they change what a person can own. One practitioner puts it as “The unit of building should shrink. The unit of ownership should not.” Anant Jain I agree.

Here is the evidence I could find that points the same way. None of it is a company saying “we run on pairs”: companies have not broadly standardized on this, and I am not claiming they have.

  • LinkedIn replaced its associate product manager program with an Associate Product Builder program "that teaches coding, design, and PM skills together", and a "Full Stack Builder" title (December 2025). LinkedIn builders
  • Every had 15 people running five products in July 2025, "with primarily single-person engineering teams". Every: compound engineering, Lenny on Every
  • One practitioner writes of "1–2 engineers, supported by a PM/Designer", and that "the unit of building should shrink. The unit of ownership should not." (August 2026). Anant Jain
  • Anthropic's engineers "described becoming leaders and managers of agents" (October 2026). Anthropic: employment
  • A survey of Anthropic's own staff found "everyone is becoming more full-stack" (December 2025). Anthropic: how work changes

A pod this small only works if something else carries the load, which is the platform team above, and if the agents work inside gates that check their output. See One loop, three models for what a pod's agent loop looks like, and Designing an agent graph for how it is wired. Below the pinch of salt is what KFTCDA does with both.

What the agents do

The platform team does not use AI for its own sake. It serves workloads, and pods direct them. These are the five I would start with. For each, what the platform has to provide and the best evidence I found.

Coding

An agent reads the repository, edits files, runs the tests and opens a change for a person to review.

The platform provides: Model access, repository permissions, and the gates the change has to pass.

  • Google says AI code reviewed by human engineers makes up three-quarters of the code created inside it (April 2026). Google via MobileSyrup
  • Anthropic says more than 80% of the code it merges was authored by Claude, and calls its own lines-of-code measure "almost certainly an overstatement" (May 2026). Anthropic: code share

One loop, three models →

Multi-agent review

Several agents read the same change, each hunting for a different kind of problem, and a lead agent merges what they find.

The platform provides: Cost limits, since one change now costs several reviews, and a record of what each reviewer saw.

  • Claude Code Review "dispatches a team of agents to hunt for bugs". Substantive review comments on pull requests went from 16% to 54%. Claude Code Review

Research

An orchestrator splits a question into parts, workers search in parallel, and the orchestrator writes the answer.

The platform provides: Budgets and tool access, because the pattern is expensive.

  • A multi-agent system "outperformed single-agent Claude Opus 4 by 90.2%", and used about 15× more tokens than chats. Multi-agent research

Support and operations

A router sends a ticket or an alert to the right worker. Code holds the gates, and a person approves anything that moves money or cannot be undone.

The platform provides: Agent identity, scoped permissions, an audit trail and an escalation path to a person.

  • This one is my read; I have no study to cite for it. The nearest number: Gartner expects 33% of enterprise software applications to include agentic AI by 2028. Gartner via Outlook

Agent graphs

The others joined up: routers, workers, evaluators and gates, with people at the steps that cannot be undone.

The platform provides: All of it: the gateway, the registry, identity, evals, cost and policy the graph runs on.

  • Anthropic separates workflows, "orchestrated through predefined code paths", from agents, where "LLMs dynamically direct their own processes and tool usage", and advises "finding the simplest solution possible". Building effective agents

Designing an agent graph →

The patterns underneath come from Building effective agents. Pick the simplest one that works, and add the next only when a measured failure asks for it.

  • Workflow. Model calls and tools orchestrated through predefined code paths.
  • Agent. The model dynamically directs its own process and tool use.
  • Orchestrator-workers. One model splits the job and workers do the pieces. Research uses it.
  • Evaluator-optimizer. One call drafts, another judges against a rubric, and the draft improves.

What to take with a pinch of salt

  • It is a forecast, and mine. The last milestone on the timeline is a projection. I found no hard data on job postings for an "AI platform team", so there is nothing to count yet.
  • An owner at the top is not a team. IBM found that 76% of surveyed organizations have a Chief AI Officer in 2026, up from 26% in 2025, and each US federal agency head must designate one. So "somewhere between security, IT and no idea" overstates it. But a chief is one person with a mandate; a team that runs a gateway and a tool registry is something else. The same study found 79% of executives are decentralizing decision-making. IBM CEO study, OMB M-24-10, OMB M-25-21
  • The shape may be a committee. Gartner recommends a central governance committee plus operational teams embedded in each domain. That could be the answer, with no team called "AI platform" at all. Gartner via The Register
  • Existing teams absorb the work. Uber's gateway belongs to its Michelangelo team and Cloudflare's to its Dev Productivity team. The function exists, but not under my name for it. Uber GenAI Gateway, Cloudflare AI stack
  • Most AI is bought, not built. Menlo found 76% of AI use cases are purchased rather than built internally, and MIT's study found vendor-bought tools succeed about 67% of the time, with internal builds at about a third of that rate. A platform team that builds is the wrong answer if buying wins. Menlo 2025, MIT via Fortune
  • Plenty will be cancelled. Gartner expects more than 40% of agentic AI projects to be cancelled by the end of 2027. A team built around a workload that shrinks shrinks with it. Gartner via Outlook
  • The analogies are softer than they look. Gartner's 80% is a forecast I read through InfoWorld. The chief data officer figure is self-reported by large firms, and that role is an executive, not a team. Several of the AI numbers come from vendors or from surveys of a few thousand people. InfoWorld on Gartner, NewVantage 2022
  • The pod is my recommendation, not an industry standard. I found no company that has publicly standardized on one engineer plus one designer or PM. The evidence above is LinkedIn's builder program, one company's single-engineer teams, and a few essays. Spotify's squads are the warning: a widely copied model that one critic says Spotify itself does not use. Jeremiah Lee
  • AI does not clearly make developers faster. METR measured experienced developers taking 19% longer while expecting a 24% speedup; its 2026 update found an estimated 18% faster, with a confidence interval from 38% faster to 9% slower, which METR calls "only very weak evidence". Faros, which sells engineering analytics, found 98% more merged pull requests but 91% longer review times and 9% more bugs per developer. DORA found delivery instability still rising. Developers who actively distrust AI accuracy (46%) outnumber those who trust it (33%). And at Anthropic, more than half of staff said they can fully delegate only 0-20% of their work. METR 2025, METR 2026, Faros 2025, DORA 2025, Stack Overflow 2025, Anthropic: how work changes

Building this at your company

This is what my consultancy, KFTCDA, does. I help a company design and stand up these structures, and build its products this way, then hand them over:

  • The AI platform team. Its charter, who owns it, and its first infrastructure: the gateway, the tool registry, agent identity and permissions, evals and cost.
  • The KFTCDA pod. How I build products: a product-minded engineer and a designer or PM directing agents through gated loops. For an existing team, reshaping it into pods like that, with a clear owner for each outcome.
  • Agent loops and gates. The loops, skills and verification gates installed in your own repositories, so the work passes checks written down before it starts.

The first step is a pilot: an AI-native engineering team, which is a Build engagement, from $9,999, measured in weeks. It starts with a 30-minute call, free: we name the outcome, pick the tier and I follow up with a fixed price in writing. Standing up the whole platform team is the follow-on, a Transform engagement, from $49,999, measured in months.

Book a scoping call: AI-native team pilot, from $9,999

Sources

  • Google SRE book · Google, "Site Reliability Engineering", introduction: a production team of seven engineers in 2003
  • Wikipedia: AWS · Amazon Web Services: S3 launched March 14, 2006, EC2 in August 2006
  • Wikipedia: DevOps · DevOps: the first DevOps Days conference, Ghent, 2009
  • Wikipedia: Kubernetes · Kubernetes: announced June 6, 2014; version 1.0 on July 21, 2015
  • Team Topologies · Team Topologies (September 7, 2019): the platform team as a grouping that provides an internal product to stream-aligned teams
  • InfoWorld on Gartner · InfoWorld, "The platform team isn't a cost center, it's product infrastructure": Gartner forecasts 80% of large software engineering organizations with platform teams by 2026
  • Puppet 2023 · Puppet, 2023 State of DevOps Report (Perforce press release): 51% adopted a platform team within the last three years
  • Wikipedia: Hadoop · Apache Hadoop: Google's GFS paper (October 2003) and Hadoop 0.1.0 (April 2006)
  • Wikipedia: Snowflake · Snowflake Inc.: founded July 23, 2012; out of stealth October 2014; first product June 2015
  • Wikipedia: Databricks · Databricks: founded 2013
  • Renaissance Capital · Renaissance Capital on Snowflake's September 2020 IPO: $3.4 billion, the largest software IPO ever
  • a16z 2020 · a16z, "Emerging architectures for modern data infrastructure" (October 15, 2020)
  • Snowflake FY2026 · Snowflake fiscal 2026 results: 790 of the Forbes Global 2000, 733 customers above $1 million
  • TNW on Databricks · The Next Web, August 2026: Databricks raises $5 billion at a $190 billion valuation
  • NewVantage 2022 · NewVantage Partners 2022 Data and AI Executive Survey (via MyTechDecisions): chief data officers 12.0% in 2012, 73.7% in 2022. Self-reported, large firms
  • Dice 2020 · Dice 2020 jobs report (via TDWI): data engineer the fastest growing tech occupation, up 50 percent year over year
  • Debois at PlatformCon · Patrick Debois, PlatformCon 2025, "Why AI needs a platform team"
  • IBM 2026 · IBM Cost of a Data Breach 2026 (via Baker Donelson): shadow AI in 43% of incidents, 19% coordination between governance and security, 602 breaches studied
  • IBM CEO study · IBM CEO Study, May 4, 2026 (2,000 CEOs): 76% have a Chief AI Officer, up from 26%; 79% are decentralizing decision-making
  • OMB M-24-10 · DLA Piper on OMB M-24-10 (March 2024): each agency head must designate a Chief AI Officer within 60 days
  • OMB M-25-21 · Mintz on OMB M-25-21 (April 7, 2025), which replaced M-24-10 and keeps agency Chief AI Officers
  • PagerDuty 2026 · PagerDuty and Wakefield, June 11, 2026 (1,250 office workers at $500M+ companies): shadow AI at work
  • Okta via The Register · The Register on Okta research, May 27, 2026: 52% of knowledge workers use unapproved AI tools, 90% of executives confident in their visibility
  • OutSystems 2026 · OutSystems, April 13, 2026 (1,900 IT leaders), via ITWire: 94% worried about AI sprawl, 12% have a centralized platform
  • Menlo 2025 · Menlo Ventures, "2025: The State of Generative AI in the Enterprise" (December 9, 2025)
  • MIT via Fortune · Fortune on the MIT NANDA "GenAI Divide" report (August 18, 2025): vendor-bought tools succeed about 67% of the time, internal builds about a third of that rate
  • Gartner via Outlook · Gartner, June 25, 2025 (via Outlook Business): more than 40% of agentic AI projects cancelled by the end of 2027; 33% of enterprise software applications with agentic AI by 2028
  • Gartner via The Register · The Register on Gartner, April 30, 2026: 150,000+ AI agents at the average Global Fortune 500 enterprise by 2028; a central governance committee plus embedded teams
  • Anthropic: MCP · Anthropic, "Introducing the Model Context Protocol" (November 25, 2024)
  • MCP anniversary · MCP blog, "One year of MCP" (November 25, 2025): the registry has close to two thousand entries
  • MCP foundation · MCP blog (December 9, 2025): MCP joins the Linux Foundation's Agentic AI Foundation; 97 million monthly SDK downloads, 10,000 active servers
  • InfoQ: Vercel gateway · InfoQ (September 12, 2025): Vercel AI Gateway in production, with provider failover and routing under 20 milliseconds
  • Kong MCP · Kong (October 14, 2025): an MCP OAuth 2.1 authentication plugin to secure MCP servers in one place
  • Entra Agent ID · RCP Magazine on Microsoft Build (May 19, 2025): Entra Agent ID brings identity and access governance to AI agents
  • Uber GenAI Gateway · Uber Engineering, "GenAI Gateway" (July 11, 2024), built by the Michelangelo team
  • Cloudflare AI stack · Cloudflare, "The internal AI engineering stack" (April 20, 2026), run by its Dev Productivity team
  • Amazon two-pizza · AWS, "Amazon's two-pizza teams": "ideally, this is a team of less than 10 people"
  • Mythical Man-Month · Wikipedia: The Mythical Man-Month (Brooks, 1975): "Adding manpower to a late software project makes it later"; communication paths n(n−1)/2, so 50 developers have 1,225
  • Team Topologies size · Team Topologies (June 24, 2025): "teams of around 8 people, based on Dunbar's number research"
  • Jeremiah Lee · Jeremiah Lee, "Spotify doesn't use 'the Spotify model' and neither should you" (April 19, 2020)
  • LinkedIn builders · Lenny's Newsletter (December 4, 2025): LinkedIn replaces its APM program with an Associate Product Builder program and a "Full Stack Builder" title
  • Every: compound engineering · Every, "Compound engineering": "primarily single-person engineering teams"
  • Lenny on Every · Lenny's Newsletter, "Inside Every" (July 2025): "With just 15 people" running five products
  • Anant Jain · Anant Jain (August 31, 2026), "The engineering team got 4x bigger": one or two engineers plus agents, supported by a PM or designer
  • Anthropic: how work changes · Anthropic (December 2, 2025), "How AI is transforming work at Anthropic": Claude in 60% of work; only 0-20% fully delegable for more than half; "everyone is becoming more full-stack"
  • Anthropic: employment · Anthropic (October 16, 2026): engineers described becoming leaders and managers of agents
  • Anthropic: code share · Anthropic (May 2026): more than 80% of merged code authored by Claude; the lines-of-code measure is "almost certainly an overstatement"
  • Google via MobileSyrup · MobileSyrup (April 24, 2026): AI code reviewed by human engineers is three-quarters of the code created inside Google
  • Building effective agents · Anthropic, "Building effective agents" (December 19, 2024): workflows vs agents, orchestrator-workers, evaluator-optimizer
  • Multi-agent research · Anthropic, "How we built our multi-agent research system" (June 13, 2025)
  • Claude Code Review · VKTR (March 9, 2026) on Anthropic's multi-agent code review for Claude Code
  • METR 2025 · METR (July 10, 2025): experienced open-source developers took 19% longer with AI while expecting a 24% speedup
  • METR 2026 · METR (February 24, 2026) update: an estimated 18% faster, confidence interval from 38% faster to 9% slower, "only very weak evidence"
  • Faros 2025 · Faros AI (a vendor of engineering analytics; study of 1,255 teams): 98% more merged pull requests, 91% longer review times, 9% more bugs per developer
  • DORA 2025 · InfoQ on the 2025 DORA report (September 29, 2025): AI is "an amplifier"; "software delivery instability continues to rise"
  • Stack Overflow 2025 · Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2025, AI: 46% actively distrust the accuracy of AI tools, 33% trust it